Villa holidays tuscany

Marengo Farmhouse: Villa holidays tuscany:

Fallen the Roman empire (for the preceding history, v. Etruria and Etruschi), Tuscany passed under the dominion of Odoacre, of Teodorico, of the Byzantines, of the Longobardis (570) and then of the Franchis (774). Constituted then (1027) at first in personal marchesato hereditary, the first marquis it was Bonifacio I (812). Died the last of the Carolingian ones (888), the region was contended by the pretenders to the crown of Italy. Under the Brasses (sec. X), incorporated some Tuscan committees, dilated its confinements to N over the Appennineses and in Liguria. Ugo in Tuscany transferred the center from Lucca to Florence (end of the sec. X). When it passed to the Attonis it came to belong to a feudal complex powerful person that, astride the zone centrosettentrionale of Italy, dominated the communications among the Valley Padana and the peninsula and entered as intermediary in the struggles between Church and Empire, to the epoch of Matilde, that, dying (1115), he/she left its possessions to the Church. The dispatch of margravi and imperial vicars it prevented however that the papacy could indeed practice you his/her own dominion. Struggles give they drew great advantages the autonomies of the Tuscan cities that, now supporting himself/herself/itself to the one hour to the other of the contenders, you/they could conquer the independence of fact and to stand up with own statutes. While a deep transformation of the agriculture and the merchant and industrial rebirth of the cities marked a depth renewal of the region, the fortunes of some centers they were developed (Pisa, Lucca, Pistoia, Arezzo, Siena, Florence etc.), disturbed however from incessant intestine struggles and from the attempts of expansionism of some cities: after a period of supremacy pisana (sec. XII and XIII), the battle of the Meloria (1284) marked the beginning of the predominance in Florence, that subsequently subdued Pistoia (1301), Arezzo (1348), Volterra (1361) and Pisa (1406), while Lucca and Siena succeeded in maintaining their independence, but they passed to a secondary role. In the following years the Tuscan history confused him with that of the Florence of the Physicians. Failure in fact the last republican (1530) attempt, Alexander de' Physicians layings the bases for the constitution of a real been regional that was completed by Cosimo I, adding to the Tuscan dominoes Lucca and Siena and strengthening the juridical and administrative apparatus in absolutist sense. Francis I (1574-87) continued the politics of consolidation of the State and effected some opportune measure of economic character. Ferdinando I (1587-1609) approached to France to counterbalance the subjection of the dukedom to Spain and to hinder the expansionistic velleities of the Savoias; the development of the war harbor favored the amplification of the commercial trafficis, while, on the other side, the reclamation of the Val of Chiana and the Maremma confirmed the agricultural record in Tuscany among the Italian regions of the time. Under Cosimo II (1609-21) and Ferdinando II (1621-70) a decline and Spain it was had he/she took again the upper hand to everything damage of the economy. Cosimo III (1670-1723), weak and bigot and Gian Gastone (1723-37), prince of weak character, badly accelerated the political and economic decadence and the dynasty of the Physicians you/he/she was extinguished. Tuscany was assigned (war of Polish succession) then to Francis Stephen III of Lorena, losing a lot his/her independence, but in remuneration it profited some reforming atmosphere favored by the new sovereigns. Exemplary Pietro's Leopoldo (1765-90) work that, assisted by a capable group of ministers and technicians as P. Black, F. Gianni and G. Rucellai, renewed in incisive way every branch of the life and the Tuscan institutions (abolition of the torture and the death penalty, annulment of the feudal servitudes, emanation of a new civil code, publicizing of the government budget, attempt of religious reform etc.). His/her child Ferdinando III (1790-1801; 1814-24) it was more cautious a great deal and of smaller intellectual vigor, but the motion started by the dynasty lorenese kept on bringing its benefits. Occupied by French in 1799 and taken back in 1800, the granducato was assigned by the Essay of Lunéville (1801) to the successors of the last king of Parma with the name of kingdom of Etruria.